White Paper: Separation of Three Powers Electronic Voting System (STPvote)

 Chapter 1: Introduction — The Trust Deficit in a Democratic Crisis

In recent years, elections in countries including the United States, Brazil, and across Europe have triggered widespread controversy. The core concerns can be summarized in two questions:

• Are voting systems vulnerable to manipulation or hacking?

• Are the results truly fair, transparent, and verifiable?

Traditional paper-based voting offers a degree of traceability, but it faces significant limitations in efficiency, cost, and logistical feasibility—particularly during pandemics. Meanwhile, current electronic voting systems, despite their convenience, have provoked a deeper crisis of trust. Citizens and experts alike worry about vulnerabilities to hacking, insider manipulation, and the opacity of vote data.

In this context, building an electronic voting system that is both efficient and universally trusted has become an urgent technical and political imperative.

The Separation of Three Powers Electronic Voting System (STPvote), created by inventor Bob Li and filed under Australian patent application 2022201573, was born from this moment in history. It introduces a structural innovation that applies the principles of checks and balances and auditable processes to rebuild transparency and public confidence in modern democratic systems.

We firmly believe: Democracy without trust is an illusion. Only institutionally guaranteed fairness can empower the people to truly govern themselves.

 

Chapter 2: Structural Flaws in Current Electronic Voting Systems

Although electronic voting has been introduced in several countries and regions, most existing systems still follow a centralized architecture and black-box processing logic. These systems exhibit the following structural flaws:

1. Single point of failure creates high risk of hacking.

Most systems combine identity authentication, vote recording, data transmission, and vote counting into a single or a few servers. A hacker who breaches just one entry point can tamper with votes or even manipulate the entire election.

2. Lack of transparency prevents public verification.

In traditional electronic voting systems, ordinary voters have no way to know whether their vote was correctly recorded and counted. With data hidden from the public, verification is nearly impossible except by internal administrators.

3. No mechanism to verify fairness—trust depends on faith.

Election fairness should not rely solely on the administrator’s integrity. A system must be designed so that 'even if you don’t trust me, I cannot cheat.' Current systems fail to meet this requirement.

4. Auditing depends on official institutions and lacks independence.

Electronic vote results are often audited by internal staff or approved third-party agencies. Without mechanisms for public, independent verification, this dependence contradicts the core spirit of democracy.

Thus, the core problem of electronic voting is not technical complexity, but the inability of existing structures to ensure fairness and transparency.

STPvote was designed precisely to solve all these issues at the structural level.

 

Chapter 3: Core Principles of the Separation of Three Powers Electronic Voting System (STPvote)

The core innovation of STPvote lies in breaking away from the centralized architecture of traditional electronic voting systems. Guided by the principle of separation of powers, STPvote divides the voting process into three independent functions—registration, transmission, and computation—executed separately to build a system that is both hacker-resistant and verifiable by the public.

I. Overview of the Three-Power Architecture

1. Registration Power:

This function is handled by multiple hidden and distributed registration servers responsible for verifying voter eligibility and distributing registration data.

- These servers adopt a “cloaked existence” strategy, with concealed addresses, making them impossible for hackers to locate.

- Upon registration, each voter receives an anonymous voting code, fully detached from personal identity to protect privacy.

2. Transmission Power:

This is managed by transparent voting transmission servers that receive and forward anonymous vote data.

- All votes are encrypted during transmission to ensure confidentiality.

- Every vote can be publicly downloaded and used for subsequent verification by anyone.

3. Computation Power:

This function is performed by independent servers or publicly accessible platforms that aggregate anonymous votes.

- Anyone can verify the final count using publicly available data.

- Administrative authorities have no influence over the tallying process, preventing insider fraud.

This decentralized and trustless structure ensures that even if one component is compromised, it cannot affect the system as a whole—achieving genuine structural security.

II. Two Unique Advantages of STPvote

1. Structurally Resistant to Hacking

- Hackers cannot simultaneously breach all three independently operated subsystems.

- Registration servers are hidden and distributed, transmission servers handle only encrypted anonymous data, and the computation process is open to all—no single node can complete fraud on its own.

2. Public Oversight by Design

- Citizens no longer need to 'trust the system'; they can directly verify the integrity of the vote count through technical means.

- Authorities no longer hold concentrated control; their powers are systematically broken apart and distributed.

In STPvote, electoral fairness is no longer a promise, but a system-enforced mechanism. It does not rely on trust—but on structure.

 

Chapter 4: Technical Implementation and Operational Workflow of STPvote

STPvote is not only an institutional innovation, but also a practically deployable technical system. This chapter introduces the system's structure, user workflow, and public verification mechanisms.

I. System Components: Separation of Powers, Interconnected Operation

Registration Subsystem

• Function: Voter identity authentication and issuance of anonymous credentials.

• Features:

- Deployed in a distributed manner, with hidden server addresses inaccessible to the public;

- Verifies voter identity via ID or biometrics;

- Issues an anonymous voting code, unlinked to personal data, and stores it in a blockchain-style verification database.

Transmission Subsystem

• Function: Receives and stores anonymous ballots and makes them publicly accessible.

• Features:

- Uses encrypted channels to secure data transmission;

- Immediately uploads all vote data to a public chain for download by anyone;

- Strictly records timestamps and data integrity verification codes.

Computation Subsystem

• Function: Aggregates anonymous votes and calculates the final result.

• Features:

- Supports public deployment of counting software to verify whether results are consistent;

- Uses open-source algorithms for full transparency;

- Does not access voter identities, preventing any human tampering.

II. Voting Workflow: Simple, Secure, Transparent

1. Registration Stage

- Voters log in to the official platform or use a physical terminal;

- Submit ID for verification;

- Receive an anonymous voting code (e.g., a QR code or secure key string).

2. Voting Stage

- Log in using the anonymous code;

- Review candidates and cast vote;

- The encrypted ballot is sent to the transmission subsystem.

3. Verification Stage

- After voting ends, anyone can download the complete set of ballots;

- Use open-source statistical tools to compute results locally;

- Compare with official results to confirm consistency.

III. Universal Verifiability: Transparency Instead of Trust

Traditional systems ask voters to 'trust the system.' STPvote transforms every citizen into an independent verifier. Through its transparent architecture, anyone can:

- Verify each vote exists and is valid;

- Detect duplicates or unauthorized ballots;

- Confirm correct counting procedures;

- Ensure no vote data has been tampered with.

This establishes a new democratic standard: fully auditable and fully reconstructible electronic voting.

Summary:

STPvote transforms institutional principles into practical technology. It can be used in presidential elections, referenda, corporate votes, and organizational decisions—adaptable to all scales and contexts of democratic participation.

 

Chapter 5: Legal Compatibility and Global Application Prospects

Although STPvote originated as a technological response to the crisis of public trust, its design has strong cross-border applicability and legal compatibility. This chapter examines how STPvote fits within various legal and political systems and explores its international potential.

I. Compatibility with Existing Electoral Laws

- STPvote can be integrated as a technical layer without altering existing electoral legal frameworks.

- Identity verification can be performed by government or certified third-party institutions to comply with local voter eligibility rules.

- All registration and voting steps are traceable and auditable by judicial or independent authorities.

- Voter anonymity is preserved through physical and technical separation between registration and voting. This aligns with international laws protecting secret ballots.

- Only encrypted vote data is made public—no personal identity is disclosed. This adheres to global norms of transparency without infringing privacy.

II. Flexibility Across Political and Organizational Systems

- In constitutional democracies: strengthens public trust and participation, reduces electoral disputes.

- In transitional nations: provides trustworthy election tools, limits fraud, and fosters political stability.

- In local governance and communities: improves efficiency and transparency, lowers administrative costs.

- In corporations and NGOs: supports transparent decision-making within unions, companies, universities, etc.

III. Compliance with International Standards

- UN ICCPR Article 25: Upholds the right to secret ballots.

- EU GDPR: The system does not store personal identity data, complying with data minimization.

- ISO/IEC 18045: STPvote’s architecture aligns with international information security evaluation standards.

- Decentralized verification mechanisms also align with blockchain governance trends and emerging digital constitutionalism.

IV. Global Promotion Strategy

- Collaborate with democratic institutions and civil society organizations to launch pilot programs.

- Engage with election observers like the UNDP or International IDEA for third-party evaluations.

- Promote adoption in digital infrastructure procurement by governments in Australia, the U.S., India, and Africa.

- Develop and certify international versions (e.g., STPv1.0), seeking ISO accreditation.

Summary:

STPvote complements rather than replaces existing legal systems. It offers a scalable path toward a more transparent, fair, and verifiable global voting future.

 

Chapter 6: Security and Anti-Tampering Mechanisms of STPvote

Security is the foundation of any credible electronic voting system. STPvote adopts a structural approach and multiple technical layers to ensure full protection against manipulation, fraud, or interference.

I. Separation of Powers for Structural Security

- Each subsystem (registration, transmission, computation) operates independently and cannot control the others.

- Registration servers are hidden and distributed, making localization and attack extremely difficult.

- Transmission servers handle only encrypted anonymous data and are disconnected from identities.

- The computation process is open-source and independently verifiable by the public, preventing single-point tampering.

II. Full Encryption and Anonymity

- End-to-end encryption protects data throughout the voting process.

- Voter identities are fully detached from votes via anonymous codes.

- Strong cryptographic randomization ensures voting codes cannot be predicted or forged.

III. Open Verification and Public Auditability

- All vote data is published and available for download by any citizen or institution.

- Vote counting algorithms are open-source and reproducible.

- Anyone can perform their own tallying to verify the final results.

IV. Protection Against Internal and External Fraud

- No single actor or institution can manipulate the entire process due to distributed authority.

- Hidden server locations and encryption resist external cyberattacks.

- Automated processes minimize manual intervention and human error.

- Real-time anomaly detection systems flag irregular patterns for review.

V. Adaptability to Future Threats

- Compatible with blockchain for data immutability.

- Can integrate multi-signature and zero-knowledge proofs to enhance privacy and security.

- Supports AI-based anomaly detection and voting behavior analysis.

Summary:

STPvote combines structural checks and technical safeguards to build a secure and resilient voting foundation.

 

Chapter 7: Application Scenarios and Promotion Strategy

STPvote has wide applicability. With the right promotion strategy, it can modernize governance and expand democratic participation across many sectors.

I. Core Use Cases

- National Elections: Presidential and parliamentary elections requiring maximum fairness and transparency.

- Local Governance: Voting for local councils, neighborhood associations, or housing communities.

- Corporate Governance: Shareholder meetings, board elections, or internal organizational ballots.

- NGOs and Associations: Fair leadership elections for nonprofits, unions, and professional organizations.

- Emerging Fields: Blockchain-based DAOs and online collaborative communities.

II. Promotion Strategy

- Pilot Programs: Start with small municipalities or organizations willing to adopt new voting technologies.

- Institutional Partnerships: Work with electoral commissions, academic researchers, and civic tech groups.

- Branding and Outreach: Publish white papers, showcase use cases, and engage on social media and conferences.

- Legal Certification: Align with national laws and international standards (e.g., ISO certification).

- Localization: Offer multilingual versions and regional adaptations for different jurisdictions.

III. Long-Term Vision

STPvote aims to be more than just a tool—it is a platform to advance democratic governance through transparency and technical rigor.

 

Chapter 8: Patent Status and Intellectual Property Protection

To protect STPvote’s innovation and commercial potential, patent registration and intellectual property strategy are critical.

I. Patent Overview

- Patent Name: Separation of Three Powers Electronic Voting System

- Jurisdiction: Australia

- Status: Patent application under review (No. 2022201573)

- Inventor: Bob Li

- Scope: Covers system architecture, technical workflows, and anti-tampering security mechanisms.

II. Importance of IP Protection

- Safeguards technological leadership and market advantage.

- Increases appeal to institutional partners and investors.

- Enables licensing, technical partnerships, and commercialization.

III. Strategic IP Plan

- Expand patent filings to the U.S., Europe, China, and other key markets.

- Regularly update with new innovations and refinements.

- Maintain confidentiality on proprietary algorithms not covered by public tools.

- Prepare legal mechanisms to defend against potential infringement.

IV. Balancing IP with Transparency

STPvote supports open verification while protecting its core innovations. The system architecture, vote data, and counting tools are open to public audit, while key algorithms remain protected.

Summary:

Strong intellectual property safeguards ensure STPvote can scale securely and responsibly.

 

Chapter 9: Future Roadmap and Call for Collaboration

STPvote is more than an invention—it is a mission to restore democratic integrity. To realize its full potential, we actively seek global partners.

I. Future Development Plan

- Integrate emerging technologies like blockchain and AI;

- Expand adoption across elections, organizations, and grassroots initiatives;

- Localize for new regions with legal and language adaptation;

- Help shape the standards for next-generation democratic systems.

II. Call for Collaboration

- Governments: Work together on system trials and policy integration;

- Academia: Analyze performance and social impact;

- Developers: Join open-source efforts and product iterations;

- NGOs: Pilot STPvote in local decision-making processes;

- Investors: Fund R&D and support international deployment.

III. Contact Information

- Inventor: Bob Li

- Email: confidentboy@hotmail.com

- Mobile(WhatsApp): +61 420 355 918

- Websites(Under construction): STPvote.org / STPvote.com

- X Account: @STPvoteOfficial

 

Chapter 10: Conclusion — The Final Line of Defense for Democracy

In today’s digital era, democracy faces both unprecedented challenges and opportunities. The fairness and credibility of electronic voting systems directly impact national stability and public trust.

STPvote was born from this challenge. By separating registration, transmission, and computation, it creates a secure and auditable foundation that can resist both hacking and insider tampering.

But STPvote is more than just a system—it is a declaration of belief:

True democracy must be built on transparency and public oversight.

Only when every vote can be seen and verified can the people truly govern.

As the inventor of this system, I believe this is the path forward. Let us work together to bring this democratic technology to life—so that every vote counts, and every citizen has a voice.

Thank you for reading this white paper. We welcome your contact and your collaboration in building the future of digital democracy.